Initiation mechanism of earthquake-induced large landslides considering structural damage
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摘要: 岩质滑坡通常受控于一系列与断层、褶皱和剪切带等相关的复杂岩体构造损伤面和软弱带,为滑坡启动提供了潜在破坏边界。为研究断裂与背斜构造背景下岩体损伤和不连续地质界面对滑坡三维边界形成和启动模式的影响,选择2008年汶川Ms8.0级特大地震在大水闸背斜两翼碳酸盐岩地层触发的4处大型滑坡为实例,开展了详细的工程地质调查、结构面测量、岩体强度测试及GSI岩体质量评价。结果表明：断裂活动与背斜演化导致的构造损伤差异显著,岩体质量从背斜轴部向两翼总体呈逐渐增加趋势,仅局部显著降低,并对滑坡的启动位置有着重要控制作用；同时,构造损伤背景下,特定岩体结构面与构造软弱带共同控制着滑坡启动机制,并将控制类型归纳为“控制侧滑型”、“控制底滑型”、“控制滑体型”及“控制基座型”；此外,地震滑坡与非地震滑坡的GSI对比表明,强震可能通过降低岩体质量条件促使滑坡快速启动,进而加快构造损伤区的地貌侵蚀过程。考虑复杂构造环境岩体损伤对评估强震潜在大型滑坡发生位置、启动机制和模式有重要作用。Abstract: Rock landslides are generally controlled by a series of discontinuities that relate to faults, folds and shear zones, which provide potential failure boundaries. To study the influences of rock mass damage and discontinuous geological interface on the formation and initiation of landslides under the background of fault and anticline, four large landslides triggered by the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake in the carbonate strata of two wings of Dashuizha anticline are selected as examples to carry out detailed engineering geological investigation, structural plane survey, rock testing and rock quality assessment of GSI. The results show that there are clear differences in structural damage caused by fault and anticline. Gradually, the rock mass quality increases from the axis of anticline to the two wings, only decreases significantly locally, and controls the formation position of landslides. Meanwhile, under the background of structural damage, the structural plane and weak zone of specific rock jointly determine the initiation mechanism, and the types are summarized as "control side sliding type", "control bottom sliding type", "control sliding body type" and "control base type". In addition, the comparison of GSI of seismic and non-seismic landslides reveals that strong earthquake may promote the rapid start of landslides by reducing the rock mass quality, and then accelerate the process of geomorphic erosion in the structural damage area. Finally, it is believed that considering the rock mass damage in complex tectonic environment is very important to assess the location and initiation mechanism of potential large-scale landslides caused by strong earthquakes.
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图 8 不同滑坡破坏区域的GSI分布范围
Figure 8. Distribution of GSI field estimates for Daguangbao site
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图 9 GSI评估表描述的靠近背斜岩体质量变化的影响因素
Figure 9. Factors for change of rock mass quality near anticline described in GSI evaluation chart
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图 10 不连续地质界面组合下滑坡启动地质模型
Figure 10. Geological models for landslide initiation under discontinuous geological interface combination
表 1 滑坡基本信息
Table 1 Basic information of landslides
滑坡名称 地理位置 Ds/km S/km² V/(104 m³) H/m L/m f 经度 纬度 大光包滑坡 104°6'17.90" 31°38'18.43" 4.8 7.27 115900 1288 4600 0.28 红石沟滑坡 104°7'27.30" 31°37'15.76" 2.2 0.35 1500 920 2700 0.34 老鹰岩滑坡 104°8'24.34" 31°37'18.34" 1.6 0.69 1500 820 1450 0.57 大竹坪滑坡 104°8'41.62" 31°37'11.34" 1.3 0.28 1960 480 890 0.54 注： Ds为滑坡与发震断裂垂直距离,S为滑坡面积,V为滑坡体积,H为滑坡最大高差,L为滑坡最长距离,f为等效摩擦系数(f=H/L)。
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表 2 滑坡结构面特征
Table 2 Structural plane characteristics of landslides
滑坡名称 结构面 倾角/(°) 倾向/(°) 粗糙度 延续性 间距/m JRC 主要 次要 大光包滑坡 J1（N=51) 35 359 平面 粗糙面 高 0.01~0.1 5~9 J2（N=22) 70 152 波状 粗糙面 低—中等 0.01~0.05 8~12 J3（N=25) 84 100 波状 平滑面 低—中等 0.01~0.1 6~10 红石沟滑坡 J1（N=86) 46 88~358 波状 平滑面 中等 >0.2 3~5 J2（N=72) 65 91 波状 粗糙面 低 0.03~0.4 5~10 J3（N=35) 63 36 波状 粗糙面 低 0.05~0.8 6~9 J4（N=89) 52 143 波状 粗糙面 低—中等 0.01~0.6 5~8 老鹰岩滑坡 J1（N=62) 55 112 波状 平滑面 中等—高 >1 4~7 J2（N=71) 61 347 波状 粗糙面 低—中等 0.01~0.5 7~11 J3（N=82) 72 189 波状 粗糙面 低—中等 0.01~0.3 8~12 J4（N=71) 41 263 波状 平滑面 很低 0.03~0.2 6~7 大竹坪滑坡 J1（N=45) 56 116 波状 粗糙面 低—中等 0.05~0.8 8~9 J2（N=32) 35 248 波状 平滑面 低 0.05~1.3 7~10 J3（N=45) 58 357 波状 平滑面 低—中等 0.01~0.8 5~7 J4（N=34) 70 31 波状 粗糙面 低—中等 0.08~1 7~10
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