Innovation and development of earth pressure theories for sheet-pile structures
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摘要: 对于板桩码头,其主要的荷载为作用于码头前墙上的土压力,该荷载一方面是由于港池开挖引起前墙两侧土压力的不平衡产生,另一方面是由于码头表面荷载作用于地基土,从而增加了前墙陆侧的土压力。板桩码头深水化的关键要求必须解决港池挖深导致的前墙土压力急剧增大问题,“遮帘”和“卸荷”是减少前墙土压力的有效途径,由于设置了遮帘桩和卸承台,使得板桩结构的受力情况更加复杂,涉及的关键科学技术问题是土和结构的相互作用。针对遮帘式和分离卸荷式板桩码头新结构开发过程中的土压力问题,先后研究了土体密度与粒径对静止土压力系数的影响、遮帘式板桩结构的土压力“桶仓压力效应”和“遮帘效应”,以及分离卸荷式板桩结构的土压力“卸荷效应”,为板桩码头新结构的发展奠定了理论基础。Abstract: The main loads on a sheet-pile wharf are the earth pressures acting on its front wall. On one hand, they are induced by the imbalance of earth pressures at both sides of the front wall owing to excavation of harbor basin; on the other hand, the surface loads of the wharf acting on the foundation soils further increase the landward earth pressures of the front wall. For the sharply increasing earth pressures on the front wall induced by the excavation depth of harbor basin which is required by deep-water sheet-pile wharves, the "barrier" and "unloading" measures are the effective ways to reduce the earth pressures on the front wall. The presence of barrier piles and relief platform leads to more complex forces acting on the sheet-pile structures, and the key scientific and technical problem concerned is the interaction between the soils and the structures. With regard to the earth pressure problems during the development of novel structures such as barrier and separated unloading sheet-pile wharves, a series of researches are performed to lay the theoretical foundation for the development of the novel structure of deep-water sheet-pile wharf, including influences of soil density and grain size on earth pressures at rest, silo effects and barrier effects of earth pressures on barrier sheet-pile structures, and unloading effects of earth pressures of separated unloading sheet-pile structures.
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Keywords:
- sheet pile /
- earth pressure /
- silo effect /
- barrier effect /
- unloading effect /
- centrifugal model test
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致谢: 感谢《岩土工程学报》全体编委的信任,特别要感谢中国水利学会岩土力学专委会的推荐,使本人有机会作黄文熙讲座；感谢南京水利科学研究院岩土工程研究所同仁们对本项研究的大力支持和帮助：徐光明、李景林、焦志斌、范明桥、关云飞、武颖利、任国峰、顾行文等；感谢深水板桩码头新结构开发过程中战友们：刘永绣、吴荔丹、朱吉全、董文才、王成环、于泳、李元音等；感谢门下的一些博士、硕士研究生的共同努力：司海宝、蒋敏敏、崔冠辰、侯伟、朱洵、代志宇等。
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图 8 不同相对密度砂土的制样路径
Figure 8. Sample preparation paths of sand with different relative densities
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图 9 不同初始相对密度下土压力沿侧深分布(#1砂土)
Figure 9. Distribution of earth pressures along side wall depth at different initial relative densities (sand No. 1)
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图 10 不同初始相对密度下K0及Jaky公式计算结果(#1砂土)
Figure 10. Distribution of K0 at different initial relative densities and calculated results by Jaky formula (sand No. 1)
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图 15 京唐港遮帘式板桩码头结构#32泊位剖面图
Figure 15. Sectional view of berth No. 32 of barrier sheet-pile structures in Jingtang Port
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图 23 京唐港分离卸荷式板桩码头结构#36泊位剖面图
Figure 23. Sectional view of berth No. 36 of separated unloading sheet-pile structures in Jingtang Port
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图 24 考虑卸荷效应的地基土竖向应力计算
Figure 24. Calculation of vertical stress for soil layers with relief platform
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图 28 土压力与挡墙位移关系曲线
Figure 28. Relationship between earth pressure and displacement of retaining wall
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图 29 卸荷式板桩码头主动土压力计算分区图
Figure 29. Zoning map of active earth pressure calculation for unloading sheet pile wharf
表 1 不同墙桩间距下的墙间土压力 (引自蔡正银等[54])
Table 1 Earth pressures between walls at different wall pile spacings (after Cai et al.[54])
模型编号 模型墙桩距离/mm 原型墙桩距离/m 地基土密度/(g·cm-3) 平均侧压力系数 #1 40.0 3.0 1.46 0.41 #2 53.3 4.0 1.47 0.36 #3 66.7 5.0 1.47 0.34 #4 80.0 6.0 1.49 0.31 
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表 2 土层的基本物理力学参数
Table 2 Basic physical and mechanical parameters of soil layers
土层编号 土层名称 厚度/m 天然重度γ/(kN·m-3) 含水率w/% ① 细砂 9.7 18.0/19.0 — ②-1 粉土 2.2 19.3 24.2 ②-2 淤泥 6.6 17.6 43.1 ②-3 粉土 1.1 19.1 31.2 ③ 细砂 10.5 19.7 21.9 ④ 粉土 2.8 19.7 25.0 ⑤ 细砂 3.4 19.7 17.4
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表 3 邓肯-张模型参数
Table 3 Parameters for Duncan-Chang model
参数 c/kPa /(°) K n 粉土 31.37 30.18 55.59 0.861 淤泥 40.37 22.68 39.26 0.618 细砂 0 30.97 476 0.886 参数 Rf Kb m Kur 粉土 0.640 26.18 0.722 100.0 淤泥 0.522 11.12 1.112 58.9 细砂 0.931 100.10 0.787 856.8
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表 4 京唐港地区细砂物理力学性质
Table 4 Physical and mechanical properties of fine sand in Jingtang Port
土层 重度 γ/(kN·m-3) 含水率 w/% 孔隙比 e 三轴指标 压缩模量 E s/MPa c/kPa ϕ/(°) 细砂 19.7 21.9 0.63 0.0 31.0 39.4
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表 5 京唐港地区细砂NHRI本构模型试验参数
Table 5 NHRI model parameters of fine sand in Jingtang Port
c/kPa /(°) Rf K n Cb nd rd Kur 0 32.0 0.92 476 0.38 0.012 0.5 0.91 952
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表 6 卸荷效率-土压力形式
Table 6 Relief efficiency with earth pressure
工况 卸荷效应 卸荷效率 PDM/kN PXH/kN ηep/% 开挖至-2.8 m 3063 2660 13.2 开挖至-11.8 m 2781 2263 18.6 20 kPa均布荷载 3209 2775 13.5
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表 7 卸荷效率-水平位移形式
Table 7 Relief efficiency with maximum lateral displacement
工况 水平卸荷效应 卸荷效率 UDM/cm UXH/cm ηep/% 开挖至-2.8 m 2.32 1.79 22.9 开挖至-11.8 m 5.24 3.58 31.7 20 kPa均布荷载 7.29 4.42 39.4
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表 8 土压力计算参数
Table 8 Parameters of earth pressure
参数 h/m H/m δ/m γ/(kN·m-3) ϕ/(°) 取值 25 38.2 3 19.3 32
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