Figures of the Article

• Different particle types at downstream outlet
• Algorithm procedure of backward erosion piping
• Geometric conditions of numerical model
• Piping channel and total head contours at the end of simulation
• Pressure water heads under different mesh sizes and particle numbers
• Geometric conditions of sandy soil foundation with cutoff wall
• Lengths of piping channel under different water heads without cut-off wall
• Contours of piping channels and total water head of foundation with cut-off wall
• Pressure water heads on top boundary of foundation with cut-off wall