Figures of the Article

• Strength tests on model segment ring
• Deformations and displacements of counter pressure tests on segment ring
• Deformation analysis of ring under concentrated force
• Connection of model segment ring
• Schematic diagram of stiffness tests on model tunnel
• Stiffness tests on model tunnel
• Vertical displacements obtained from actual measurement and back calculation
• Receiver push-back simulation devices
• Layout of earth pressure cells and displacement meters around tunnel
• Earth pressure cells at tunnel bottom
• Measuring devices for model tests
• Change of earth pressure in thrusting direction
• Change of earth pressure around tunnel
• Uneven distribution of earth pressure induced by vertical passive soil arching
• Deformations of cross section of tunnel
• Longitudinal deflection deformations of tunnel