Deformation characteristics and failure mechanism of surrounding rock of high-stress large-diameter cylindrical caverns
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摘要: 针对高应力大直径圆筒形洞室出现的岩爆、喷层开裂和钢绞线弹出等变形破坏现象，通过现场破坏调查、岩体位移和锚索应力监测，详细说明了围岩变形破坏的发展演化过程，并通过钻孔摄像观测了围岩内部破裂特征，进而总结了围岩变形破坏的演化模式。通过数值模拟揭示了洞室围岩变形破坏机制，并提出了合理的支护建议。高应力大直径圆筒型洞室变形破坏是一个链动灾害过程，围岩内部开裂导致了岩体位移和锚索荷载增加，锚索荷载超限时钢绞线断裂弹出，失去约束的洞壁围岩和喷层在卸荷作用下鼓胀开裂。高初始地应力和开挖后诱发的应力集中，玄武岩起裂强度低，临近洞室开挖诱发应力叠加，应力集中区支护强度较弱等综合因素导致了围岩内部开裂的产生。在洞室围岩应力集中区设置足够的预应力长锚索和合理的张拉力，可以有效减弱围岩内部破裂深度和程度。Abstract: Aiming at the deformation and damage phenomena such as rock burst, spray layer cracking and steel strand ejection in high-stress large-diameter cylindrical caverns, the development and evolution process of deformation and damage of the surrounding rock is explained through field investigation, observation of displacement of rock mass and stress of anchor cable. The internal fracture characteristics of the surrounding rock are observed through borehole camera, and the evolution mode of the deformation and failure of the surrounding rock is summarized. The deformation and failure mechanism of the surrounding rock of the cavern is revealed through numerical simulation, and reasonable support suggestions are put forward. The deformation and failure of the high-stress large-diameter cylindrical caverns is a chain-driven disaster process. The internal cracking of the surrounding rock leads to the increase in the displacement of the rock mass and the load of anchor cable. The steel strands break and pop out when the load of anchor cable exceed the limit. The surrounding rock and sprayed layer of unconstrained cave wall bulge and crack under the action of unloading. The high initial ground stress and the stress concentration induced after excavation, the low crack initiation strength of basalt, the superposition of stress induced by excavation adjacent to the cavern, and the weak support strength in the stress concentration areas lead to the occurrence of internal cracking in the surrounding rock. Setting enough pre-stressed long anchor cables and reasonable tension force in the stress concentration areas of the surrounding rock of the cavern can effectively reduce the depth and degree of internal fracture of the surrounding rock.
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图 1 白鹤滩水电站右岸地下洞室群
Figure 1. Underground caverns at right bank of Baihetan Hydropower Station
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图 2 右岸地下厂房上游拱肩喷层开裂脱落
Figure 2. Cracking and shedding of concrete spray layer on upstream spandrel of powerhouse at right bank
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图 3 白鹤滩水电站#8尾调室工程布置与锚索支护
Figure 3. Layout and support of anchor cables of No. 8 tailrace surge chamber of Baihetan hydropower station
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图 4 #8尾调室破坏区附近监测布置展布图
Figure 4. Monitoring arrangement near destruction area of No. 8 tailrace surge chamber
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图 5 多点位移计Mywt-8-11位移
Figure 5. Displacements of multi-point displacement meter Mywt-8-11
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图 7 #8尾调室喷层开裂和锚索钢绞线弹出破坏
Figure 7. Shotcrete fracturing and strande ejection of anchor cables of No.8 tailrace surge
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图 9 围岩变形破坏演化模式
Figure 9. Evolution mode of deformation and failure of surrounding rock
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图 10 #8尾调室岩体破坏范围与最大主应力方向
Figure 10. Fracturing zone of rock mass with direction of maximum principal stress of No.8 tailrace surge chamber
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图 11 尾调室区域三维数值计算模型
Figure 11. Three-dimensional numerical simulation model for tailrace surge chambers
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图 12 尾调室580 m高程剖面偏差应力云图
Figure 12. Cloud map of deviation stress of tailrace surge chamber with elevation of 580 m
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图 13 尾调室580 m高程3个测点偏差应力随开挖演化
Figure 13. Evolution of deviation stress of three measuring points in tailrace surge chamber with elevation of 580 m with excavation
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图 14 尾调室井身下部223°~345°范围补强加固锚索位置
Figure 14. Location of reinforced anchor cables in the range of 223°~345° in lower part of tailrace surge chamber
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图 15 尾调室井身补强加固锚索轴力
Figure 15. Reinforcement of shaft of tailrace surge chamber and axial forces of anchor cables
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图 16 有无加固锚索情况下三点偏差应力
Figure 16. Three-point deviation stresses with or without reinforced anchor cables
表 1 岩体力学参数
Table 1 Mechanical parameters of surrounding rock
弹性模
量/GPa泊松比 初始黏聚
力/MPa残余黏聚
力/MPa初始内摩擦
角/(°)残余内摩擦角/(°) 抗拉强
度/MPa黏聚力等效塑性剪应变 内摩擦角等效塑性剪应变 15.1 0.25 15 3 21.8 42 1.2 3×10-4 4×10-4 
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表 2 错动带力学参数
Table 2 Mechanical parameters of dislocation zone
错动带 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 黏聚力/MPa 内摩擦角/(°) 抗拉强度/MPa C4 2.0 0.32 1.2 32 0.2 C3、C5 5.0 0.32 1.5 35 0.5
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