密集固-液两相颗粒流流变特性及黏/惯性界限试验研究

    Experimental investigation of rheological behavior and viscous-inertial boundary in dense solid-liquid two-phase granular flows

    • 摘要: 泥石流和浅层流滑等地质灾害的动力学本质是一种密集固-液两相颗粒流,由于复杂的固-液相间相互作用机制,其流变学特性极其复杂。颗粒物理学提出了针对干颗粒流的 \mu (I) 惯性指数本构模型以及针对固-液两相颗粒流的 \mu (J) 黏性指数本构模型,然而上述模型主要是基于自由表面流或极低正应力条件(小于1 kPa),并采用理想的颗粒材料(塑料/金属/玻璃球),与真实地表灾害的应力范围与材料特性都有显著的差异。为此,采用旋转流变仪和自主研发的试验腔体,可以实现5~20 kPa的正应力加载,0.1~360 s-1剪切应变率条件下的长距离剪切,选用锆珠与石英砂颗粒模拟岩土颗粒,选用水与不同黏度的硅油模拟不同黏度的间质黏性流体,以期揭示固液两相颗粒流的流变特性。试验结果表明:高黏度间质流体会显著提高高速剪切条件下的颗粒流摩擦系数;干颗粒流或间质流体黏度较低时, \mu (I) 模型可以较为准确的表征其流变特性,而间质流体黏度较高时需要采用 \mu (J) 模型来表征其流变特性。基于物理试验结果,提出了具体的无量纲参数值来定量划分黏性与惯性颗粒流的界限,进而可以根据主导物理机制的不同采用合适的本构模型,实现对该类地质灾害宏观动力学过程更为准确的描述。

       

      Abstract: The dynamic processes of geological disasters, such as debris flows and shallow landslides, are essentially characterized by dense solid-liquid two-phase granular flows. Due to the complex interaction mechanism between the solid and liquid phases, its rheological properties are extremely complex. The \mu (I) and \mu (J) constitutive models are proposed to describe the rheological behavior for dry granular flows and solid-liquid two-phase granular flows, respectively. However, these models have been proposed based on free surface or very low normal stress conditions (generally < 1 kPa), and ideal granular materials (e.g., plastic/metal/glass spheres) are used. These conditions (stress range and material properties) deviate significantly from those encountered in real-world geohazard scenarios. Therefore, experiments are conducted using a rheometer equipped with a designed shear chamber, capable of applying normal stresses ranging from 5 kPa to 20 kPa and shear strain rates from 0.1 s-1 to 360 s-1 to granular materials under long-distance shearing. We utiliz zirconia beads and quartz sand as granular materials, and water and silicone fluid as interstitial fluids to simulate a range of solid-liquid two-phase flow conditions. Test results demonstrate that high-viscosity interstitial fluids significantly enhance the friction coefficient of granular flows, especially under high-speed shear. It is found that the \mu (I) constitute effectively characterizes flow behavior when the viscosity of the dry granular material or interstitial fluid is low, while the \mu (J) constitute is more suitable for high-viscosity interstitial fluids. Based on these physical simulation experiments, specific dimensionless boundary parameters are proposed to delineate viscous and inertial flow regimes. Furthermore, based on the differences in dominant physical mechanisms, appropriate constitutive models can be adopted to achieve a more accurate description of the macroscopic dynamic processes of such geological hazards.

       

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