Reinforcement mechanism and parameter analysis of horizontal high-pressure rotary jet grouting piles for tunnels in tertiary semi-diagenetic water-rich sandstone
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摘要: 第三系半成岩具备弱胶结、遇水软化等特征，隧道建设时易诱发涌水突泥和坍塌等地下地质灾害。依托云南临清高速公路王家寨隧道，结合现场地质条件与现有工程案例，采用水平高压旋喷桩对软弱围岩进行超前预加固。结合地基梁理论解析、数值模拟与现场监测方法，研究第三系半成岩水平高压旋喷桩加固机理及不同桩体参数对围岩加固效果的影响，并给出桩体参数建议范围，为类似工程提供参考。研究表明：旋喷桩加固后解析解与数值解的剪力与弯矩分布规律较为一致，在开挖未支护段桩体所受弯矩、剪力最大，最易发生断裂破坏；当围岩水压力在300 kPa时旋喷桩体最大拉应力达598.21 kPa，接近桩体极限抗拉强度，水压力小于300 kPa时水平旋喷桩能有效发挥梁、拱协同作用，拱棚效应与阻水效果显著，能将围岩压力传递给桩体后端及拱肩、边墙处，围岩沉降与地下水压得到有效控制，这与现场监测结果基本吻合；桩径、桩长、咬合厚度及搭接长度变化对桩体应力影响较大，影响程度为咬合厚度 > 桩长 > 搭接长度 > 桩径，建议在第三系半成岩富水砂岩隧道围岩水压力小于300 kPa进行超前预加固时，水平旋喷桩桩体参数范围为桩径65~70 cm、桩长10~13 m、咬合厚度25 cm、搭接长度3~4 m。Abstract: The tertiary semi-diagenetic rocks are characterized by weak cementation and susceptibility to water softening, which can easily trigger underground geological disasters such as water inrushes, mud outbursts and collapses during tunnel construction. Focusing on the Wangjiazhai tunnel of the Lincan-Qingshuihe Expressway in Yunnan Province, considering the geological conditions and the relevant engineering case studies, the horizontal high-pressure rotary jet grouting piles are employed to pre-emptively strengthen the weak surrounding rock. Through the combination of theoretical analysis of foundation beams, numerical simulation and field monitoring methods, the reinforcement mechanism of horizontal high-pressure jet grouting piles in the tertiary semi-diagenetic formations is investigated, and the influences of varying pile parameters on the reinforcement effectiveness of the surrounding rock are examined, offering a suggested range for these parameters to serve as a reference for similar projects. The results indicate that the distribution of shear force and bending moment in both analytical and numerical solutions agrees with that in the unsupported section, where the pile experiences the highest bending moments and shear forces, making it most susceptible to fracture failure. Under the water pressure of the surrounding rock of 300 kPa, the maximum tensile force within the rotary jet grounting pile reaches 598.21 kPa, close to the ultimate tensile strength of the pile. When the water pressure is below 300 kPa, the horizontal rotary jet pile can effectively give full play of the combined effects of beam and arch, significantly enhancing both the arch action and the water-blocking effects. This allows the pressures on the surrounding rock to be redistributed to the pile rear, the spandrel and the sidewall. The settlement of the surrounding rock and the underground water pressure are effectively controlled, which are consistent with the field monitoring results. The pile diameter, length, occlusion thickness and overlap length significantly affect the pile stress, in the descending order of impact: occlusion thickness, pile length, overlap length and pile diameter. It is recommended that for the pre-reinforcement of tunnels in the tertiary semi-diagenetic water-rich sandstone with the water pressure of the surrounding rock below 300 kPa, the parameters of the horizontal rotary jet grouting pile should be as follows: pile diameter of 65~70 cm, pile length of 10~13m, occlusal thickness of 25 cm, and overlap length of 3~4 m.
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图 1 王家寨隧道第三系半成岩地层纵断面图
Figure 1. Profile of tertiary semi-diagenetic strata of Wangjiazhai Tunnel
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图 2 王家寨隧道第三系半成岩段灾害情况
Figure 2. Disaster situation of tertiary semi-diagenetic section of Wangjiazhai Tunnel
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图 3 水平高压旋喷桩拱棚结构
Figure 3. Arch shed structure of horizontal high-pressure rotary jet grouting pile
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图 4 隧道开挖过程旋喷桩力学模型
Figure 4. Mechanical model of rotary jet grouting pile during tunnel excavation
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图 5 水平高压旋喷桩模型示意图
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of horizontal high-pressure rotary jet grouting pile model
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图 6 解析解与数值解纵向剪力对比
Figure 6. Comparison of longitudinal shear force between analytical and numerical solutions
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图 7 解析解与数值解纵向弯矩对比
Figure 7. Comparison of longitudinal bending moment between analytical and numerical solutions
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图 8 不同位置旋喷桩轴向应力分布图
Figure 8. Distribution of axial stress of rotary jet grouting pile at different positions
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图 9 不同水压力下旋喷桩体最大拉应力分布
Figure 9. Distribution of bending stress of rotary jet grouting pile under different water pressures
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图 10 加固前后围岩竖向应力、沉降云图
Figure 10. Clouds of vertical stress and settlement of surrounding rock before and after reinforcement
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图 11 围岩-初支接触压力监测元件布置
Figure 11. Layout of surrounding rock-initial contact pressure monitoring element
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图 13 数值模拟与现场检测拱顶沉降与围岩应力对比
Figure 13. Comparison between numerical simulation and field detection of arch roof settlement and surrounding rock stress
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图 16 不同咬合厚度加固影响
Figure 16. Effects of different occlusal thicknesseses on reinforcement
表 1 计算参数
Table 1 Parameters for calculation
围岩类型 弹性模量/MPa 泊松比 重度/
(kN·m-3)黏聚力/
kPa内摩擦角/
(°)厚度/
cm基床系数/
(MPa·m-1)半成岩砂岩 16.7 0.30 20.6 27.59 35.2 — 140 全风化花岗岩 65.0 0.32 19.1 60.00 25.0 — 1000 初支 钢拱架 210000 0.30 78.0 — — — — 喷射混凝土 23000 0.20 25.0 — — 29 — 旋喷桩体 1000 0.25 24.0 — — — — 
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表 2 水平高压旋喷桩参数设计表
Table 2 Parameter design of horizontal high-pressure rotary jet grouting piles
桩径/cm 桩长/m 搭接长度/m 咬合厚度/cm 60 10 1 10 65 13 2 15 70 15 3 20 75 17 4 25 80 — 5 30
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