Experimental study on frost heave characteristics of PCM-clay under one-dimensional freeze-thaw
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摘要: 掺混相变材料（PCM）的相变黏土以其防冻控温的特性，使黏土心墙、渠道、坝堤、道路等场景下的负温施工成为了可能。针对冬季施工现场日循环冻融作用的环境特点，在室内模拟开展封闭系统、分段控温、浅冻结条件下的单向冻融试验，研究相变黏土冻胀特性及在冻融循环作用下冻胀发育规律及机理。结果表明：相变黏土的冻胀特性较不掺混PCM的黏土（素土）得到了改良，经历冻融循环后，相变黏土的最终冻胀量远小于相同冻融循环次数下的素土试样，且土料的冻结锋面下移速率及水分迁移程度降低；多次冻融循环后，素土的冷生构造产生了更为显著的发育，而相变黏土未表现出明显的冻胀敏感性，冷生构造的形成和发育都非常缓慢。分析认为，初始饱和度较低、孔隙较大以及PCM的高潜热储能、冻缩性、阻水性等是使相变黏土冻胀特性得到改良的主要原因。研究可为相变黏土作为潜在大坝心墙、渠道、坝堤、道路的建设材料提供寒区冬季施工防冻提供了理论依据。Abstract: The clay incorporated with phase change material (PCM-clay) has the characteristics of freezing resistance and temperature control, which makes it possible to construct clay core walls, channels, embankments, roads and other scenarios with negative temperature. According to the environmental characteristics of daily cyclic freeze-thaw effects on the construction site in winter, a series of repeated one-dimensional freeze-thaw experiments under closed system, step thermoregulation and shallow freezing conditions in a closed system are simulated indoors to study the frost heave characteristics of the PCM-clay and the law and mechanism of frost heaving development under the action of freeze thaw cycles. The results show that the frost heave characteristics of the PCM-clay is improved compared with that of the clay without PCM (pure clay). After freeze-thaw cycles, the final frost heaving amount of the PCM-clay is far less than that of the pure clay under the same freeze-thaw cycles. The downward moving rate of soil freezing front and the degree of moisture migration also decrease. After several freeze-thaw cycles, the cryogenic structure of the pure soil has developed more significantly, while the PCM-clay does not exhibit obvious frost heave sensitivity, and the formation and development of cryogenic structure are very slow. The analysis shows that the low water content, large porosity, high latent heat energy storage, freezing shrinkage and hydrophobicity of the PCM are the main reasons for improving the frost heave characteristics of the PCM-clay. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the PCM-clay as a construction material for potential dam core walls, channels, embankments, and roads to provide winter construction frost protection in cold regions.
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图 3 第1次冻结过程中素土和相变黏土温度分布情况
Figure 3. Temperature distribution of pure clay and PCM-clay during 1st freezing
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图 4 第2次冻结过程中素土和相变黏土温度分布情况
Figure 4. Temperature distribution of pure clay and PCM-clay during 2nd freezing
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图 5 第4次冻结过程中素土和相变黏土温度分布情况
Figure 5. Temperature distribution of pure clay and PCM-clay during 4th freezing
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图 6 冻结后素土与相变黏土冻结锋面与5℃等温线分布情况
Figure 6. Distribution of freezing front and 5℃ isotherm of pure clay and PCM-clay after freezing
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图 7 素土经历冻融循环后的冷生构造发育
Figure 7. Cryostructure development of pure clay after freeze-thaw cycles
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图 8 相变黏土经历冻融循环的冷生构造发育
Figure 8. Cryostructure development of PCM-clay after freeze-thaw cycles
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图 9 素土与相变黏土冻融循环后冷生构造发育比较
Figure 9. Comparison of cryostructure development of pure clay and PCM-clay after freeze-thaw cycles
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图 10 土体经历冻融前后的液体分布情况
Figure 10. Liquid distribution before and after clay experiencing freezing and thawing
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图 11 素土第1次冻融循环冻胀量变化
Figure 11. Variation of frost heave of pure clay after 1st freeze-thaw cycle
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图 12 相变黏土第1次冻融循环冻胀量变化
Figure 12. Variation of frost heave of PCM-clay after 1st freeze-thaw cycle
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图 16 相变黏土和素土经历冻融循环后的累计冻胀曲线
Figure 16. Cumulative frost heave curves of pure clay and PCM-clay after freeze-thaw cycles
表 1 不同PCM掺量相变黏土（25℃）材料特性
Table 1 Material properties of samples with different PCM contents(25℃)
PCM/% 最优含水率/% 最大干密度/(g·cm-3) 压缩模量/MPa 渗透系数/(10-7 cm·s-1) 无侧限抗压强度/kPa 0 15.15 1.84 13.79 27.4 229.4 4 12.70 1.82 10.00 2.18 265.4 8 9.67 1.74 5.41 2.94 227.7 12 4.44 1.69 4.42 3.94 152.8 
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表 2 2 cm深度土体降温至5℃耗时
Table 2 Time consumption to cool down soil to 5℃ at depth of 2 cm
(单位: h) 项目 相变黏土 素土 第2次降温 1.43 0.75 第3次降温 1.26 0.85 第4次降温 1.48 0.82 平均耗时 1.39 0.81
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