Effects of salinized deterioration and aeolian ullage on soils in undercutting areas of earthen ruins in arid regions (Ⅲ): capillary process
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摘要: 毛细过程是干旱区土遗址底部掏蚀区发生盐渍劣化效应的主要途径，同时也是其发生风蚀损耗效应的重要前提。通过对3处典型的土遗址开展全年四季正常天气、降雨和降雪条件下地基和掏蚀区含水率变化的实时监测数据分析，发现降雨（雪）天气是掏蚀区毛细过程的诱发因素；并结合室内掏蚀区毛细模拟试验，表明地基土塑限值是掏蚀区发生毛细过程临界条件。依托15处干旱地区不同时代土遗址掏蚀区的取样与模拟试验结果，在充分考虑其毛细过程特征的基础上，通过引入毛细吸水率、蒸发速率等变量建立了毛细水上升最大高度理论计算模型，模型计算结果表明当误差修正系数ε=0.9时，其绝对误差均小于1 cm。研究结果为干旱区土遗址掏蚀病害的发育机理研究与防治提供了重要的理论支撑与参考。Abstract: The capillary process is the main way of salinized deterioration effect and the important premise of aeolian ullage effect in undercutting areas at the bottom of earthen ruins in arid regions. By analyzing the real-time monitoring data of changes in the moisture content in the ground and undercutting areas at three typical earthen sites under normal weather in four seasons, rainfall and snow conditions, it is found that the rainfall (snow) weather is the inducing factor for the capillary process in the undercutting areas. Combined with the laboratory capillary simulation experiment, it is shown that the plastic limit of soil is the critical condition for the capillary process in the undercutting areas. Then based on the sampling and simulation experimental results of undercutting areas of 15 earthen ruins with different ages in arid regions, a theoretical model for the maximum height of capillary water rise is established by introducing the variables such as capillary water absorption, evaporation rate, etc. The calculated results by the theoretical model show that the absolute errors are less than 1 cm when the error correction coefficient is ε=0.9. The above researches provide important theoretical support and reference for the development mechanism and prevention of diseases in undercutting areas at the bottom of earthen ruins in arid regions.
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Keywords:
- undercutting area /
- capillary process /
- inducing factor /
- critical condition /
- height model
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图 2 不同气象条件下土遗址掏蚀区与地基含水率监测结果
Figure 2. Monitored water contents of erosion area of earthen archaeological site and foundation under different meteorological conditions
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图 3 土遗址掏蚀区毛细过程模拟试验
Figure 3. Simulation experiment on capillary process in undercutting area of earthen ruins
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图 4 地基土在不同含水状态下掏蚀区含水率变化
Figure 4. Change of water content of rammed soil under different water content conditions in undercutting area
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图 7 土遗址毛细上升高度理论计算模型
Figure 7. Theoretical model for capillary rise height in earthen archaeological sites
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图 8 不同修正条件下现场实测与计算值及误差分析
Figure 8. Field measured and calculated values and error analysis based on different correction conditions
表 1 调查区气候特征及遗址土参数
Table 1 Climate characteristics and soil parameters in investigation area
遗址名称 遗址地点 气候特征 含水率/% 密度ρ/(g·cm-3) 相对质量密度Gs 孔隙比e 有效粒径d10 /(10-6 m) 海森公式计算高度H/m 现场实测高度h / m 雷墩子（汉） 瓜州 极干旱 1.35 1.58 2.65 0.695 5.9 2.44 0.062 老师兔（唐） 瓜州 极干旱 0.95 1.67 2.53 0.529 7.2 2.62 0.080 墩湾（宋） 敦煌 极干旱 1.07 1.74 2.67 0.551 7.7 2.36 0.080 高闸沟（明） 嘉峪关 极干旱 0.75 1.56 2.58 0.654 3.8 4.02 0.075 五截堡（清） 瓜州 极干旱 0.55 1.54 2.53 0.652 2.3 6.67 0.075 南乐堡（汉） 民勤 干旱 1.89 1.54 2.55 0.687 7.4 1.97 0.089 大庙城（唐） 金昌 干旱 1.75 1.46 2.50 0.735 8.6 1.58 0.075 回回城（宋） 金昌 干旱 3.75 1.60 2.65 0.718 6.5 2.14 0.070 镇北堡（明） 银川 干旱 0.35 1.57 2.47 0.579 5.6 3.09 0.125 文一（清） 民勤 干旱 0.89 1.65 2.53 0.547 3.9 4.69 0.128 玉山（汉） 永登 半干旱 3.11 1.49 2.53 0.751 3.0 4.44 0.150 柳州城（唐） 白银 半干旱 3.13 1.43 2.58 0.861 2.2 5.28 0.050 等等（宋） 永登 半干旱 1.89 1.54 2.50 0.653 3.6 4.25 0.085 明长城（明） 永登 半干旱 1.45 1.58 2.62 0.682 3.4 4.31 0.085 满城（清） 永登 半干旱 4.08 1.51 2.67 0.842 3.4 3.49 0.070 
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表 2 15处遗址土的相关计算参数
Table 2 Relevant parameters of 15 earthen archaeological sites
遗址点 毛细吸水率/(g·cm-2·s0.5) 蒸发速率/(g·cm-2·s-1) 孔隙率n 雷墩子 0.03903 4.0184×10-5 0.410 老师兔 0.02241 8.7655×10-6 0.346 墩湾 0.01774 5.0415×10-6 0.355 高闸沟 0.01812 5.7046×10-6 0.396 五截堡 0.05755 5.8295×10-5 0.395 南乐堡 0.06620 4.8478×10-5 0.407 大庙城 0.00842 1.0571×10-6 0.424 回回城 0.01405 3.8279×10-6 0.418 镇北堡 0.04531 1.4515×10-5 0.367 文一 0.00838 4.9548×10-7 0.354 玉山 0.06930 2.0184×10-5 0.429 柳州城 0.07071 1.5835×10-4 0.463 等等 0.04503 2.7839×10-5 0.395 明长城 0.05034 3.4173×10-5 0.406 满城 0.01595 4.5743×10-6 0.457
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表 3 不同误差修正条件下现场实测值与理论计算值比对
Table 3 Comparison between measured and calculated values under different error correction conditions
遗址点 现场实测高度/cm 理论计算高度/cm ε=1.0 ε=0.9 ε=0.8 雷墩子 6.2 5.6 5.9 6.2 老师兔 8.0 7.4 7.8 8.3 墩湾 8.0 7.7 8.1 8.6 高闸沟 7.5 7.0 7.3 7.8 五截堡 7.5 6.9 7.3 7.7 南乐堡 8.9 8.6 9.1 9.6 大庙城 7.5 7.3 7.7 8.1 回回城 7.0 6.4 6.8 7.2 镇北堡 12.5 11.3 12.0 12.7 文一 12.8 11.6 12.2 12.9 玉山 15.0 13.6 14.3 15.2 柳州城 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.3 等等 8.5 7.8 8.3 8.8 明长城 8.5 7.8 8.2 8.7 满城 7.0 6.4 6.7 7.1
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