Laws of water migration and settlement at interface in loess filled areas under rainfalls
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摘要: 针对黄土高原地区治沟造地实践中由于填方区新老交界面及不同压实度交界面等而引起的管涌、塌陷、滑坡、不均匀沉降、裂缝等灾害，通过建立黄土填方区新老交界面及不同压实度交界面实体物理模型，研究了降雨作用下黄土填方区交界面水分迁移及沉降规律。试验结果表明：①雨水下渗速率随着填土压实度的降低而增快，低压实度填土体积含水率和孔隙水压力在峰值附近存在“骤增骤减”现象，孔隙水压力具有明显滞后性；②湿润锋在交界面附近出现明显过渡区，交界面存在雨水优势流通道；③交界面上方土体总沉降与交界面上方填土高度成非线性关系，不同压实度交界面上缘的局部倾斜值远大于交界面下缘，局部倾斜最大值靠近交界面上缘；④交界面两侧压实度差越大，土体的差异沉降越大，交界面发生破坏趋势越大；⑤填土的大幅沉降以及土体的不均匀沉降往往伴随着表面裂缝的产生，最大裂缝出现在填方区不同压实度交界面上缘附近。研究结果表明，在治沟造地等岩土工程实践中，提高回填土压实度对降低不均匀沉降及防止交界面出现裂缝具有重要意义。Abstract: The new-old interfaces and those with different compaction degrees often cause disasters such as piping, collapse, landslide, uneven settlement and crack in the duration of gully control and land creation projects in the Loess Plateau areas. The relevant physical models are established to reveal the laws of water migration and settlement at interface in loess filled areas under rainfalls. The results show that: (1) The velocity of rainwater seepage increases as the compaction degree of fill decreases. The volumetric moisture content and pore water pressure under low compaction degrees fill increase and decrease sharply near the peak. Besides, the pore water pressure has obvious hysteresis. (2) The wetting front has an obvious transition zone near the interface, where a rainwater dominant flow channel is available. (3) The total settlement of soils is nonlinearly related to the fill height above the interface. Besides, the local incline of the upper edge of the interface with different compaction degrees is much larger than that of the lower edge of the interface, and the maximum local incline appears near the upper edge of the interface. (4) The difference in settlement between soils correlates positively with the difference in compaction degree between the two sides of the interface. Meanwhile, the trend of failure at the interface becomes larger as the difference in compaction degree between the two sides of the interface increases. (5) The large settlement of fill and uneven settlement of soils are often accompanied by surface cracks, and the largest crack appears near the upper edge of the interface with different compaction degrees in soil fill area. Therefore, increasing the compaction degree of fill soils is of great significance for reducing the uneven settlement and preventing the cracks at interface in gully control and land creation projects.
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Keywords:
- compaction degree /
- interface /
- uneven settlement /
- rainfall infiltration /
- dominant flow
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图 1 “治沟造地”工程管涌与裂缝破坏
Figure 1. Piping and crack destruction in " gully control and land creation " projects
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图 4 沉降示踪装置及点位布置
注: 1~21为示踪点编号。
Figure 4. Settlement tracer device and layout of measuring points
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图 5 体积含水率及孔隙水压力传感器点位布置
注: 1~16为含水率传感器编号(括号内外分别距两侧有机玻璃板20 cm,对称分布)，后文用W1~W16代替; WP1~WP8为孔隙水压力传感器编号(居中放置)
Figure 5. Layout of measuring points for volumetric moisture content and pore water pressure sensors
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图 6 方案1体积含水率时程曲线
Figure 6. Time-history curves of volumetric moisture content in scheme 1
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图 7 方案3体积含水率时程曲线
Figure 7. Time-history curves of volumetric moisture content in scheme 3
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图 12 方案1各阶段模型顶面等高线图
Figure 12. Contour map of top surface of model at each stage in scheme 1
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图 13 方案1降雨结束前后模型表面形态图
Figure 13. Surface morphologies of model before and after rainfall in scheme 1
表 1 土样基本物理性质
Table 1 Basic physical properties of soils
颗粒相对质量密度 液限/% 塑限/% 塑性指数 最大干密度/(g·cm-3) 最优含水率/% 2.72 33.7 18.9 14.8 1.76 17.5 
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表 2 降雨模型试验方案
Table 2 Test programs for rainfall model
试验方案编号 固定回填土压实度/% 变化回填土压实度/% 初始地形坡度/(°) 1 80 60 45 2 80 70 45 3 80 80 45
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表 3 填方区局部倾斜
Table 3 Local incline of fill areas
方案1 方案3 填土高度/cm 局部倾斜/% 填土高度/cm 局部倾斜/% 0 11.11 0 0.67 10 15.67 10 0.44 20 16.17 20 0.67 30 19.39 30 0.33 40 15.06 40 0.06 50 13.50 50 0.39 60 13.06 60 0.67 70 10.78 70 0.83 80 9.28 80 0.33 90 5.22 90 0.94 100 1.44 100 0.44
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