Displacement laws of grout-water two-phase flow in a rough-walled rock fracture through visualization tests
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摘要: 富水裂隙岩体中的注浆是一个将浆液压入裂隙内空腔并驱替地下水的过程，开展浆液–水两相流驱替渗流规律研究对优化工程注浆方案具有重要意义。研发了基于粒子图像测速技术（PIV）的可视化驱替试验系统与方法，获取了3D打印的透明粗糙裂隙内的流场分布以及流速与压差的关系；基于有限元法求解Navier-Stokes偏微分方程组模拟驱替过程，与试验测试结果进行了对比验证。结果表明：在恒定流速条件下，注浆压力会随着时间的增加呈现先缓慢增大再加速增大，最终趋于一个定值的演变趋势；浆液首先沿优势渗流通道驱替水，在到达出口后压力增速减缓，随后在较长的时间内逐渐驱替残余水；残余水的分布主要集中在连通主要渗流通道边缘的盲端孔隙和开度大小发生突变的细小孔隙处，具有较低的流速；采用平行平板模型评价具有相同开度的粗糙裂隙中的注浆过程将低估注浆压力达45%。注浆压力是工程注浆中的一个关键控制参数，在理论计算中应充分考虑粗糙度的影响以确定合理的注浆压力，提升注浆效果。Abstract: The grouting in water-rich fractured rock masses is a process in which the pressurized grouts gradually displace the existing water. It is important to thoroughly investigate the grout-water displacement laws for improving the engineering grouting efficiency. In this study, a visualization technique that incorporates the particle image velocimetry (PIV) into the grout-water displacement tests is established, and is used to capture the flow field distribution in a 3D-printed transparent rough-walled fracture along with the flow velocity and hydraulic pressure measurements. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved based on the finite element method to simulate the displacement process, and the simulation is compared with the experimental observations. The results show that under the constant flow rate, the injection pressure first increases gently, followed by a rapid increase stage, and finally approaches a constant value. The grouts preferentially flow through some major channels, and the injection pressure tends to increase gently after the grout reaches the outlet. The residual water is mainly distributed in the dead end close to the edge of main flow channels and the locations where sudden changes in aperture happen. The parallel-plate model can underestimate the injection pressure by up to 45% comparing to the corresponding rough-walled model. It is therefore necessary to consider fracture roughness in the theoretical assessment of grouting pressures to achieve better grouting performance.
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Keywords:
- rough-walled fracture /
- grouting /
- two-phase flow /
- PIV /
- displacement
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图 5 法向应力作用下的三维粗糙裂隙数值模型
Figure 5. Numerical model of a 3D rough-walled fracture subject to a normal stress
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图 8 短期驱替过程中压差随时间的演变规律
Figure 8. Evolution of pressure difference during short-term displacement tests
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图 9 长期驱替过程中压差随时间的演变规律
Figure 9. Evolution of pressure difference during long-term.displacement
表 1 平行平板模型渗流测试结果
Table 1 Hydraulic testing results of a parallel-plate model
Q △P eh Re /(m3·s-1) /Pa /mm 8.33×10-9 0.70 1.14 0.09 3.33×10-8 3.00 1.11 0.34 6.66×10-8 7.00 1.06 0.69 9.99×10-8 9.00 1.11 1.03 1.33×10-7 12.00 1.11 1.37 1.67×10-7 16.00 1.09 1.72 3.33×10-7 31.00 1.10 3.43 平均值 1.11 
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表 2 数值模拟参数表
Table 2 Parameters used in numerical simulation
参数 表达式（单位） 取值 密度 ρ/(kg·m-3) 987.1 重力加速度 g/(m·s-2) 9.81 力学开度 em/mm 1.54 入口流量 Q/(m3·s-1) 1.67×10−8，3.33×10-8， 6.66×10−8，9.99×10-8， 1.33×10−7，1.67×10-7 Re 0.168，0.337，
0.675，1.013，1.35，1.69
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