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火星探测器着陆试验场地研造

蒋明镜, 石安宁, 奚邦禄, 黄伟, 吕雷

蒋明镜, 石安宁, 奚邦禄, 黄伟, 吕雷. 火星探测器着陆试验场地研造[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2023, 45(4): 826-832. DOI: 10.11779/CJGE20211526
引用本文: 蒋明镜, 石安宁, 奚邦禄, 黄伟, 吕雷. 火星探测器着陆试验场地研造[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2023, 45(4): 826-832. DOI: 10.11779/CJGE20211526
JIANG Mingjing, SHI Anning, XI Banglu, HUANG Wei, LÜ Lei. Study and construction of landing test site for Mars rover[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2023, 45(4): 826-832. DOI: 10.11779/CJGE20211526
Citation: JIANG Mingjing, SHI Anning, XI Banglu, HUANG Wei, LÜ Lei. Study and construction of landing test site for Mars rover[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2023, 45(4): 826-832. DOI: 10.11779/CJGE20211526

火星探测器着陆试验场地研造  English Version

基金项目: 

国家自然科学基金重大项目 51890911

国家自然科学基金重点项目 51639008

详细信息
    作者简介:

    蒋明镜(1965—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事天然结构性黏土、砂土、非饱和土、太空土和深海能源土宏微观试验、本构模型和数值分析研究工作。E-mail: mingjing.jiang@usts.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: TU441

Study and construction of landing test site for Mars rover

  • 摘要: 火星距地球遥远,通信延迟约为20 min,且表面地形复杂,遍布岩石及斜坡等障碍物,探测器着陆需自主完成一系列动作,不可控因素多,难度大。为确保火星探测器安全着陆,采用“材料学+地貌学+岩土力学”多学科交叉的方法来模拟火星地表重要特性,在此基础上为保证场地建设及使用经济合理、保护环境和试验工况的快速布置等需求,采用“区域组合+移固组合”的方法对试验场地进行研究并建造。随后分别对该着陆试验场地貌区和着陆区进行激光、微波特性和承载力特性相关测试。测试结果表明:试验场整体布局合理,各区域可拆卸设备质轻易搬运,便于快速进行不同试验工况设置;地貌区激光和微波反射及散射特性与着陆区的基本物理力学特性等相关测试结果与真实火星表面目标值吻合程度较好;本试验场地已为“天问一号”相关避障和着陆测试提供服务,助力“天问一号”成功登陆火星乌托邦平原预选着陆区。
    Abstract: Mars is far away from the Earth, the communication delay is about 20 minutes, and the surface terrain is complex, which is covered with rock, slope, and other obstacles. The Mars rover needs to land on Mars automatically, accompanied by many uncontrollable factors. To guarantee the Martian rover landing safely, a method with multidisciplinary intersection including materials science, geomorphology and geomechanics is employed to simulate the main characteristics of the Martian surface. On this basis, to ensure the test site constructed and used economically, environmentally friendly and re-arranged in different cases quickly, a method with a combination of mobile and fixed regions is used to study and then construct the landing test site in different functional regions. Thereafter, the laser and microwave characteristics and the bearing capacity are measured in geomorphology and landing areas respectively. The test results show that the layout of the test site is reasonable, and the detachable equipments in each area are easy to handle so as to set the various test conditions effectively. They have good agreement with the target values in the laser and microwave tests on geomorphology area and those in the bearing capacity tests in the landing area. This test site has been used for "Tianwen-1" program with the aim of obstacle avoidance and landing safely, which has paved a way for Tianwe-1 probe to successfully land on the pre-selected landing zone in the Utopian Plain of Mars.
  • 致谢: 衷心感谢天津大学北洋能源与环境岩土工程团队成员,航天科技集团五院及北京空间机电研究所相关人员在场地建造及相关测试中的无私帮助。
  • 图  1   模拟火星地表试验场地布置图

    Figure  1.   Layout of test site on simulated Martian surface

    图  2   地貌区陨石坑分布示意图

    Figure  2.   Schematic diagram of meteor crater distribution on physiognomy area

    图  3   陨石坑主体结构

    Figure  3.   Main body of meteor crater

    图  4   模拟火星斜坡

    Figure  4.   Martian slope simulant

    图  5   模拟火星岩石及碎石

    Figure  5.   Rock and gravel of Martian simulant

    图  6   部分涂刷特殊涂料的地貌区

    Figure  6.   Part of physiognomy area painted with special coatings

    图  7   部分火星风化物真实级配及TJ-M1模拟火星壤级配[8-11]

    Figure  7.   Particle-size distribution curves of portion of Martian regolith and TJ-M1 Martian regolith simulant[8-11]

    图  8   着陆区测试点布置图

    Figure  8.   Layout of test points on landing site

    表  1   真实火星壤物理力学性质[12-15]

    Table  1   Physical and mechanical characteristics of portion of Martian regolith[12-15]

    探测器 土壤类型 体密度/(kg·m-3) 黏聚力/kPa 内摩擦角/(°) 承载强度/kPa
    勇气号 表层土壤 1200~1500 1~15 ~20 5~200
    机遇号 表层土壤 ~1300 1~5 ~20 ~80
    火星探路者 堆积物 1285~1518 0.21 34.3
    火星探路者 块状物质 1422~1636 0.17±0.18 37±2.6
    海盗一号 堆积物 1150±150 1.6±1.2 18±2.4
    海盗一号 块状物质 1600±400 5.1±2.7 30.8±2.4
    海盗二号 壳状至块状物质 1400±200 1.1±0.8 34.5±4.7
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   TJ-M1模拟火星壤物理力学性能及符合度

    Table  2   Goodness of fitting of physical and mechanical properties of TJ-M1 Martian regolith simulant

    参量 密度/(kg·m-3) 黏聚力/kPa 内摩擦角/(°) 承载强度/kPa
    目标值 1350~1600 0.24~1 35~40 3~60
    实测值 1370 0.28 35.2 33.48
    符合度 100% 100% 100% 100%
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   500~800 nm和1047~1064 nm光谱反射率

    Table  3   Spectral reflectivities of wavelength between 500 to 800 nm and between 1047 to 1064 nm

    检测波长/nm 检测结果 检测波长/nm 检测结果
    500 0.349 1052 0.291
    540 0.347 1053 0.291
    580 0.345 1054 0.290
    620 0.342 1055 0.290
    660 0.340 1056 0.289
    700 0.338 1057 0.289
    740 0.331 1058 0.289
    780 0.325 1059 0.289
    800 0.322 1060 0.289
    1047 0.290 1061 0.288
    1048 0.291 1062 0.289
    1049 0.291 1063 0.289
    1050 0.290 1064 0.289
    1051 0.290
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   不同频率和入射角度微波的后向散射系数

    Table  4   Backscattering coefficients of microwave with different frequencies and incident angles

    测试频率/GHz 入射角度/(°) 检测结果/dB 测试频率/GHz 入射角度/(°) 检测结果/dB
    16.0 0 -10.2 33.7 40 -7.2
    10 -9.9 50 -5.2
    20 -9.6 60 -7.8
    30 -9.2 70 -10.7
    40 -8.4 34.7 0 -8.9
    50 -7.6 10 -9.8
    60 -8.8 20 -9.4
    70 -9.6 30 -9.5
    32.7 0 -9.4 40 -6.7
    10 -11.0 50 -4.5
    20 -10.8 60 -7.7
    30 -10.5 70 -10.8
    40 -7.7 35.7 0 -8.6
    50 -5.6 10 -9.5
    60 -7.8 20 -9.0
    70 -10.5 30 -9.1
    33.7 0 -9.2 40 -6.2
    10 -10.2 50 -6.2
    20 -10.0 60 -7.9
    30 -10.0 70 -10.9
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5   着陆区TJ-M1模拟火星壤物理力学性能及符合度

    Table  5   Goodness of fitting of physical and mechanical properties of TJ-M1 Martian regolith simulant of landing site

    参量 体密度/(kg·m-3) 黏聚力/kPa 内摩擦角/(°) 承载强度/kPa
    目标值 1350~1600 0.24~1 35~40 3~60
    实测平均值 1363 0.50 33.01 54.3
    符合度 100% 100% 94.3% 100%
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2021-12-24
  • 网络出版日期:  2023-04-16
  • 刊出日期:  2023-03-31

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