Hydraulic mechanism and swelling deformation theory of expansive soils
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摘要: 膨胀土的水力作用主要是指水分（吸水、失水）和应力变化（卸荷、加荷）造成胀缩变形、裂隙发育和强度降低的作用,是膨胀土边坡失稳滑动的根本原因。由于膨胀土矿物表面带电,膨胀土在纯水和盐溶液中的膨胀行为差异很大,总是割裂开来各自研究,缺乏统一的膨胀变形理论。根据等温吸附理论,建立膨胀土的吸水体积Vw与上覆压力p和表面分维Ds的理论关系,基于膨胀变形等于膨胀土吸附水的体积,由此计算膨胀土的膨胀变形。膨胀土在盐溶液中的膨胀变形和剪切强度受渗透吸力影响,根据膨胀变形的分形模型,将盐溶液的渗透吸力π转化为修正有效应力
pe （区别于Terzaghi有效应力）,不同浓度盐溶液中的膨胀变形与修正有效应力pe 表示为同一曲线,得到已有的膨胀变形试验数据的验证。Abstract: Theswelling deformation, crack growth and development and reduction of shear strength induced by the mineral-water interactions of expansive soils that including changes of water content and overburden loads are very important to the safety of expansive soil slopes. In addition, because of the electric charge on their mineral surface, the swelling behaviors of the expansive soils in pure water and salt solution are very different and always separated from each other, which and lack a unified theory of swelling deformation. The mineral-water interactions are explained by the isothermal water adsorption. According to the isothermal water adsorption, the increment of water volume (Vw) absorbed by montmorillonite during the swelling of expansive soils is dependent on the vertical overburden load and the surface fractality of mineral aggregates in voids. The water volume absorbed by montmorillonite is related to the surface fractal dimension and the vertical overburden pressure. The maximum swelling deformation is predicted according to the correlation of the absorbed water volume to vertical overburden pressure. The swelling deformation of expansive soils is affected by the osmotic suction in saline solutions. Based on the fractal model for the swelling deformation of expansive soils, the osmotic suction is transferred into the modified effective stress (pe ) which is distinguished from the Terzaghi’s effective stress concept. The Vw/Vm-pe relationship is expressed using a unique curve for expansive soils in saline solutions. The unique curve of the absorbed water volume is validated by the experimental data of swelling deformation of expansive soils. -
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图 3 吸附水质量比与竖向压力的关系
Figure 3. Relationship between mass ratio of adsorbed water and vertical pressure
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图 8 盐溶液中膨胀土的吸附水体积与修正有效应力的关系
Figure 8. Relationship between adsorbed water volume and modified effective stress of expansive soils in salt solution
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图 12 膨胀力与渗透吸力的关系
Figure 12. Relationship between swelling pressure and osmotic suction
表 1 膨胀土的表面分维
Table 1 Surface fractal dimensions of bentonite
膨胀土 分维Ds R2 Aberdeen 2.58 0.991 Alaska 2.60 0.999 Argentine 2.44 0.999 Arizona 2.67 0.997 Belle Fourche 2.48 0.997 Blue Western 2.40 0.999 Cameron 2.60 0.993 California 2.48 0.996 California Red 2.51 0.996 Chiguagua 2.56 0.997 Czechoslovakia #1 2.46 0.998 Czechoslovakia 650 2.57 0.996 Danish 2.65 0.993 Guam 2.72 0.985 High Grade Western 2.46 0.994 India 2.50 0.996 Italian 2.44 0.995 Louisiana 2.52 0.999 Mexican 2.46 0.998 Missouri 2.65 0.989 Monte Amiata 2.58 0.999 Nevada 2.47 0.998 New Mexico 2.49 0.991 New Zealand 2.52 0.993 Oay 2.58 0.985 Polkville 2.56 0.996 Rio Escondido 2.47 0.999 Romanian 2.57 0.998 Sardinian 2.48 0.989 Smith ville 2.50 0.999 Texas 2.49 0.999 Upton#l 2.49 0.998 Upton#2 2.49 0.998 Western Ca 2.52 0.998 Yellow Western 2.46 0.998 Yugoslav 2.49 0.991 
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