Experimental study on progressive collapse of tied-back retaining system of excavations induced by partial over-excavation or surcharge loading
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摘要: 超挖或超载导致的基坑垮塌事故时有发生，然而局部超挖超载情况下基坑连续垮塌的全过程演化机理仍缺乏深入研究，限制了对此类基坑事故的针对性预防和控制。依托两起基坑垮塌案例，设计了桩锚支护基坑连续破坏模型试验，研究了局部超挖或超载对单道锚杆支护结构变形、土压力、锚杆轴力、支护桩及冠梁内力等的影响。结果表明，基坑局部超挖后，基坑外产生的土拱效应和冠梁荷载传递效应将导致邻近区域支护桩和锚杆内力大幅上升，此情况下超挖区内锚杆局部失效将进一步加剧这两个效应，引发邻近未失效锚杆连续破坏。支护桩嵌固深度较小时，锚杆失效后桩身弯矩始终减小，最终由于桩顶缺少约束而发生倾覆破坏；相反，当嵌固深度较大时，被动区土体对支护桩约束作用较强，最终支护桩的弯矩绝对值将显著提高，更可能发生弯曲破坏导致基坑垮塌。基坑正常开挖深度越大，超挖及锚杆失效产生的土拱效应越强，触发锚杆连续破坏所需的初始破坏锚杆越少，抗连续破坏能力越弱，应考虑局部加强锚杆，将局部破坏限制在一定范围。基坑顶部超载量过大将导致锚杆自超载范围中心向远端依次失效，进而引发基坑垮塌。锚杆设置高度不同，触发锚杆连续破坏的超载量不同，连续破坏路径和为应对潜在的超载风险需重点验算的构件也可能不同。锚杆设置在腰梁上时，超载情况下，锚杆的荷载传递系数大于支护桩，需优先考虑对锚杆进行局部加强设计；锚杆设置冠梁上时，触发锚杆连续破坏所需的超载量较腰梁工况更大，超载情况下，支护桩的荷载传递系数大于锚杆，应优先对支护桩考虑附加荷载作用进行设计。Abstract: Collapse accidents of tied-back excavations caused by over-excavation or overloading occasionally occur. However, the studies on the mechanism of progressive collapse under these conditions are still lacking, which limits the targeted prevention and control of such accidents. Based on two cases of excavation collapse, the model tests on the progressive failure of tied-back excavations are designed to investigate the influences of partial over-excavation or overloading on the deformation, earth pressure and internal forces of the anchors, piles and capping beam. The results show that after partial over-excavation, the soil arching effects generated outside the excavation and the load transfer effects of the capping beam cause a significant increase in the internal forces of the adjacent piles and anchors. Under this condition, the two effects are exacerbated by partial failure of anchors in the over-excavation area, leading to the progressive failure of the adjacent anchors. If their embedment depth is small, the bending moment of the piles decreases after the failure of the anchors, and finally the overturning failure occur due to the lack of constraint on the pile top. On the contrary, the maximum bending moments will increase and eventually leads to bending failure and collapse. The deeper the normal excavation depth, the stronger the soil arching effects caused by over-excavation and anchor failure, and the worse the capability to resist progressive failure of excavations. Therefore, the reinforcement of the anchors should be given priority to prevent progressive failure in the partial component strengthening method. The excessive surcharge load will cause progressive failure of the anchors from the center of the overloading area. Different anchor placement heights lead to different surcharge loads required to trigger the progressive failure of the anchors, the progressive failure path and the components that need to be specially checked against potential surcharge loading risks may also be different. When the anchors are set on the waler beam, the load transfer coefficient of the anchors is greater than that of the piles under surcharge loading, and the priority needs to be given to the design of local reinforcement of the anchors. When the anchors are set on the capping beam, a greater surcharge load is needed to trigger the progressive failure, and the load transfer coefficient of the piles is greater than that of the anchors, and the priority should be given to the design of the piles.
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图 1 基坑底部局部超挖引起变形
Figure 1. Deflections of excavation induced by partial over-.excavation
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图 8 超挖后主动区土压力增量（工况2）
Figure 8. Increments of active earth pressures after over-excavation (Test 2)
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图 11 第5根锚杆失效瞬间主动区土压力增量（工况2）
Figure 11. Increments of earth pressures under failure of 5th anchor
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图 12 局部锚杆失效过程P19桩后土压力变化
Figure 12. Earth pressures at P19 under partial failure of anchors
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图 13 剩余锚杆连续破坏瞬间轴力变化图（工况2）
Figure 13. Axial forces of intact anchors at moment of progressive collapse(Test 2)
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图 14 局部失效过程中剩余锚杆轴力增量及荷载传递系数变化
Figure 14. Increments of axial forces and load transfer coefficients of intact anchors under partial failure of anchors
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图 15 局部锚杆失效过程冠梁剪力及变形图
Figure 15. Shear forces and deflections of capping beams under partial failure of anchors
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图 16 局部锚杆失效过程桩身弯矩变化图
Figure 16. Bending moments of piles under partial failure of anchors
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图 17 基坑垮塌瞬间桩身最大弯矩变化图
Figure 17. Maximum bending moments of piles at moment of progressive collapse
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图 20 加载100 kg瞬间主动区土压力增量（工况4）
Figure 20. Increments of earth pressures with loading of 100 kg (Test 4)
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图 21 加载各阶段埋深40 cm处主动区土压力增量
Figure 21. Increments of earth pressures at depth of 40 cm under surcharge loading
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图 22 加载过程及连续破坏瞬间锚杆轴力时程变化
Figure 22. Axial forces of anchors during surcharge loading and progressive collapse
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图 23 加载过程锚杆轴力增量及荷载传递系数变化
Figure 23. Increments of axial forces and load transfer coefficients of intact anchors under surcharge loading
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图 24 加载各阶段冠（腰）梁弯矩变化
Figure 24. Bending moments of capping (waler) beam under surcharge loading
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图 25 加载各阶段P19桩身位移弯矩变化图
Figure 25. Bending moments and deflections of P19 under surcharge loading
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图 26 基坑垮塌前最后一级加载支护结构荷载传递系数对比
Figure 26. Load transfer coefficients at final stage of loading before excavation collapse
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