Triggering types, characteristics and disaster mechanism of seismic loess landslides
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摘要: 基于现场调查勘探、无人机航测和大型振动台试验，系统研究了黄土地震滑坡的触发类型、特征与成灾机制。结果表明，黄土地震滑坡在空间分布、单体规模、致灾范围、平面形态、地形水文条件、地震动强度、土层厚度、与发震断层关系等方面具有显著特征。黄土地震滑坡从触发机理角度可划分为剪切型滑坡、液化型滑坡、震陷型滑坡三种类型。剪切型滑坡根据滑动面地层岩性可进一步分为黄土层内滑坡、黄土与泥岩接触面滑坡、切入基岩的切层滑坡；液化型滑坡可根据液化层位置划分为底部液化滑移型、表层液化泥流型、底-表层联合液化滑流型等。震陷型滑坡可根据坡体破坏形式细分为陷滑型、崩滑型等两种。本文可为黄土地震滑坡的风险评估与防控提供科学依据。Abstract: Based on the field investigation and exploration, unmanned aerial survey and large-scale shaking table tests, the triggering types, characteristics and disaster-generating mechanism of seismic loess landslides are systematically studied. The results show that the earthquake-induced loess landslides have their distinctive characteristics in spatial distribution, single size, influencing area, plane modality, topographical and hydrological conditions, seismic intensity, deposit thickness and relations to seismic faults. They can be classified into three types from the perspective of the triggering mechanism: shear landslides, liquefaction landslides and seismic subsidence landslides. The shear landslides can be further classified according to the lithology of the sliding surface strata into three types: landslides within a loess layer, landslides on the contact surface between loess and mudstone, and landslides cutting into bedrock. The liquefaction landslides can be divided according to the location of the liquefaction layer into three types: deep liquefaction sliding type, surface liquefaction mudflow, and combined deep-surface liquefaction type. The seismic subsidence landslides can be divided into two types of landslides, subsidence slide and avalanche slide, according to the damage modes caused by seismic subsidence. This study may provide a scientific basis for the risk assessment, prevention and control of loess seismic landslides.
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图 1 1920年海原大地震地震滑坡和灾害分布图（据Close等[4], 本文清绘）
Figure 1. Distribution of landslides and disasters induced by Haiyuan Ms 8.5 earthquake in 1920 (Upton Close, 1922, clearly drawn by the authors)
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图 2 1920年海原MS8.5级地震引发的大规模黄土滑坡
Figure 2. Large-scale loess landslides induced by Haiyuan MS 8.5 earthquake in 1920
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图 4 1920年海原8.5地震静宁孙家沟黄土层内剪切型滑坡
Figure 4. Shear landslide within loess strata at Sunjiagou in Jingning county induced by Haiyuan MS 8.5 earthquake
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图 7 2013年岷县-漳县MS 6.6级地震永光村西底-表联合液化型黄土流滑
Figure 7. Mud flow and landslide at west Yongguang village induced by liquefaction in both bottom and surface layers during the Minxian-Zhangxian MS 6.6 earthquake in 2013
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图 10 剪切型滑坡振动台试验宏观破坏特征
Figure 10. Macroscopic failure characteristics of shear landslidebased on shaking table tests
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图 11 黄土-基岩接触面剪切型滑坡振动台试验模型与传感器布设
Figure 11. Shaking table test model and layout of sensors for loess-bedrock interface shear landslide
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图 12 黄土-基岩接触面剪切滑坡不同位置加速度放大效应
Figure 12. Acceleration amplification effects of shear landslide on loess-bedrock interface at different locations
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图 13 黄土-基岩滑坡破坏时接触面和上覆黄土土压力分布
Figure 13. Soil pressure distribution of loess-bedrock interface and overlying loess during shear landslide failure
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图 14 黄土-基岩接触面滑坡振动台试验宏观破坏特征
Figure 14. Macroscopic failure characteristics of loess-bedrock shear landslide based on shaking table tests
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图 15 底部液化型黄土滑移振动台试验模型与传感器布设
Figure 15. Shaking-table test model for liquefaction at bottom-triggered sliding of loess deposit and layout of sensors
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图 16 液化型黄土滑坡饱和土层孔隙水压力增长趋势
Figure 16. Increasing trend of pore water pressure in saturated soil of liquefaction loess landslide base on shaking table tests
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图 17 底部饱和液化型黄土滑坡振动台试验宏观破坏特征
Figure 17. Failure characteristics of liquefaction at bottom-triggered sliding of loess deposit
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图 18 表层液化流滑型滑坡试验模型尺寸与传感器布设
Figure 18. Sizes of shaking-table test model and layout of sensors for surface liquefaction-triggered sliding flow of loess slope
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图 19 表层饱和液化泥流型黄土斜坡流滑振动台试验宏观破坏特征
Figure 19. Macroscopic failure characteristics of liquefaction- triggered mud flow of loess slope with saturated surface based on shaking table tests
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图 20 坡角至坡顶不同部位急剧增长的孔隙水压力
Figure 20. Dramatic increase of pore water pressures at different locations from slope foot to slope crest
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图 21 黄土震陷性滑坡振动台试验模型与传感器布设
Figure 21. Shaking-table test model and layout of sensors for loess landslides due to seismic subsidence
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图 22 震陷型黄土滑坡振动台试验宏观破坏特征
Figure 22. Macroscopic failure characteristics of seismic subsidence- triggered loess landslide in shaking table tests
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图 23 基于应变观测的黄土斜坡震陷变形失稳过程
Figure 23. Seismic subsidence-triggered deformation and instability process of loess slope based on strain observation
表 1 黄土地区9次大震和强震诱发的滑坡灾害
Table 1 Landslides induced by 9 great and strong earthquakes in Loess Plateau
地震名称 震级 震中烈度 断裂性质 遇难人数 地震岩土灾害 1303年洪洞地震 8.0 Ⅺ 右旋走滑 20万 滑坡、液化滑移 1556年华县地震 Ⅺ 正断 83万 密集滑坡、震陷 1654年天水南地震 8.0 Ⅺ 左旋走滑兼正断 3.1万 密集滑坡 1695年临汾地震 Ⅹ 正断 5.3万 滑坡、液化滑移 1718年通渭地震 7.5 Ⅹ 逆冲 4万 密集滑坡 1879年武都地震 8.0 XI 逆冲兼右旋走滑 2.2万 滑坡、崩塌 1920年海原地震 8.5 Ⅻ 左旋走滑 27万 密集滑坡、液化滑移 1927年古浪地震 8.0 Ⅺ 西段逆冲，东段正断 4万 密集滑坡 2013年岷—漳地震 6.6 Ⅷ 逆冲为主，兼具左旋走滑 12 滑坡、液化泥流 
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表 2 底部饱和液化滑移型模型地层参数
Table 2 Stratum parameters of bottom saturated liquefaction slip model
地层土样 取样深度/m 干密度/(g·cm-3) 含水率w/% 孔隙比 饱和度Sr /% 颗粒组成/% 黏粒 粉粒 砂粒 上部非饱和黄土层（Q3、Q4） 6.5 1.35 5.51 1.12 13.36 13.15 77.99 8.86 第一古土壤层（Q3） 13.5 1.68 11.14 0.79 38.08 16.97 81.01 2.02 饱和砂质黄土层（Q3） 16.5 1.65 27.69 1.09 75.40 12.20 59.66 28.14 第二古土壤层（Q2） 35.5 1.72 26.82 1.00 72.82 13.22 66.21 20.57
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