Improvement of empirical methods for horizontal displacement of soil-nailing and composite soil-nailing walls

Based on the literatures of horizontal displacement records for soil-nailing and composite soil-nailing walls about 10 projects mainly located in Shenzhen and Guangzhou, the improvement of the empirical methods for horizontal displacement of soil-nailing and composite soil-nailing walls is performed. The numerical ranges of the deformation modulus of soil nails, the influence diameter of soil nails and the coefficient of null deformation are suggested. The calculated results show that the proposed method is credible in practice according to the comparison between the computational data and the test data, although the computational curves are discontinuous on interfaces of the layered soils.