Rapid detection for risk assessment, emergency disposal technology and equipment development of barrier lakes
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摘要: 中国西南高山峡谷地区极易因降雨或地震造成山体滑坡、泥石流堵塞天然河道形成堰塞湖，堰塞湖漫顶溃决极易形成超过历史最大天然洪水的溃决洪峰，严重威胁沿岸人民群众生命财产安全并破坏生态环境。鉴于当前堰塞湖风险处置技术水平尚难以满足堰塞湖高效应急处置需求，“十三五”国家重点研发计划项目“堰塞湖风险评估快速检测与应急抢险技术和装备研发”以“高效快速、科学减灾”为目标，通过3年联合攻关，在揭示堰塞湖形成及溃决机理、堰塞湖多源信息快速获取、堰塞湖险情监控预警、堰塞湖风险评估以及堰塞湖应急处置和抢险装备研发等方面取得一系列创新成果，为堰塞湖高效处置提供了理论方法和科学手段，社会和经济效益显著，具有广阔的应用前景。Abstract: Influenced by the severe rainfalls or earthquakes, landslides and debris flows are easy to occur in the mountainous and canyon areas of Southwest China, leading to blockage of rivers and formation of barrier lakes. Once overtopping breach occurs, the barrier lake is very easy to form a flood peak exceeding the largest natural flood in history, which severely threatens the lives and properties of the people along the river and destroys the ecological environment. During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period, the National Key Research and Development program "Rapid detection for risk assessment, emergency disposal technology and equipment development of barrier lakes" was Approved to solve the shortage problem of efficient emergency disposal technology of barrier lakes. After three years of joint researches, some innovations were made in the aspects of formation and breach mechanism, rapid acquisition of multi-source information, danger monitoring and early warning, risk evaluation, emergency disposal, emergency equipments of barrier lakes. The researches have provided a theoretical method and scientific means for the efficient disposal of barrier lakes with remarkable social and economic benefits and broad application prospects.
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Keywords:
- barrier lake /
- breach mechanism /
- multi-source information /
- risk assessment /
- emergency disposal
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图 6 不同结构形态堰塞体溃决洪水过程
Figure 6. Breach flood process with different forms of barrier body
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图 9 堰塞湖多源信息感知技术体系
Figure 9. Multi-source information perception technology system of barrier lakes
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图 11 堰塞湖不稳定地质体灾害识别技术流程
Figure 11. Technical process of identifying unstable geological body in barrier lakes
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图 12 计算机双目视觉边坡变形监测基本原理
Figure 12. Principle of slope deformation monitoring based on computer binocular vision
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图 14 堰塞体横向展宽及纵向下切实时监测
Figure 14. Real-time monitoring of breach broadening and undercutting
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图 18 堰塞湖库水位-溃决流量变化过程
Figure 18. Variation process of water level and breach flood of barrier lakes
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图 21 连续开挖输送一体化装备
Figure 21. Continuously excavating and conveying integrated equipments
表 1 课题设置
Table 1 Arrangement of tasks
课题序号 课题名称 承担单位 课题负责人 1 堰塞体形成与溃决机理及溃决过程研究 四川大学 杨兴国 2 堰塞湖多源信息快速感知与探测技术研究 中国水利水电科学研究院 魏迎奇 3 堰塞湖险情应急监测与预警技术研究 河海大学 郑东健 4 堰塞湖致灾风险评估技术研究 南京水利科学研究院 钟启明 5 高风险堰塞湖应急处置技术研究 长江勘测规划设计研究有限责任公司 蔡耀军 6 堰塞湖应急抢险关键装备研发 中国葛洲坝集团勘测设计有限公司 王衡 
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表 2 堰塞湖风险等级划分
Table 2 Division of risk grade of barrier lakes
灾损 危险性 极高 高 中 低 极严重 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ 严重 Ⅱ Ⅱ II Ⅲ 较严重 Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ 一般 Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ
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表 3 堰塞体单因素危险性级别
Table 3 Danger levels of single factor of barrier body
级别 分级指标 Vb/(106 m3) Q/(m3·s-1) d50/mm H(m)，LH 极高 ≥100 ≥150 < 2 H≥70，LH < 20
或H [30, 70)，LH≤5高 10~100 50~150 2~20 H≥70，LH≥20
或H [30, 70), LH (5, 20)
或H [15, 30), LH≤5中 1~10 10~50 20~200 H [30, 70)，LH≥20
或H [15, 30), LH(5, 20)
或H < 15, LH≤5低 < 1 < 10 ≥200 H [15, 30), LH≥20
或H < 15, LH > 5
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