Experimental study on characteristics of rock fracturing by high-pressure foam
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摘要: 针对钻爆法和机械法在岩石破碎工程中的弊端，基于泡沫的高黏性和可压缩性，提出了高压泡沫涨裂破岩技术。首先设计高压泡沫涨裂破岩装置，理论分析高压泡沫瞬间释放冲击岩石涨裂孔过程，搭建高压泡沫涨裂力测试装置并开展涨裂力影响试验，建立高压泡沫涨裂破岩试验系统，探讨不同空气体积分数时的泡沫涨裂特性，揭示高压泡沫涨裂破岩机理。研究表明：高压泡沫释放时，能够在涨裂孔内产生比泡沫初始压力更高的涨裂力，但涨裂力随泡沫空气体积分数增加而先增大后减小，高压泡沫涨裂破岩经历了裂纹初生、裂纹扩展、涨裂抛掷、涨裂结束4个阶段，破岩重量随泡沫空气体积分数的增加而先增大后减小，当空气体积分数为60%时，由高压泡沫冲击涨裂孔产生的压应力波在岩石上表面反射形成的拉应力造成岩石破坏形式为涨裂坑，空气体积分数为70%~90%时，泡沫涨裂形式为大块岩石分离，这主要是由孔底直角处应力集中效应造成。Abstract: In view of the shortcomings of the drilling and blasting method and the mechanical method in rock breaking engineering, based on the high viscosity and compressibility of foam, the rock-fracturing technology by high-pressure foam is proposed. Firstly, the rock fracturing devices by high-pressure foam are designed, the process of high-pressure foam instantaneous release to boreholes is theoretically analyzed, and then the testing devices for rock fracturing force by high-pressure foam are built and the relevant experiments are carried out. By using the developed experimental system of rock fracturing by high-pressure foam, the foam-fracturing characteristics with different air volume fractions are investigated, and the mechanism of high-pressure foam fracturing is revealed. The results show that when it is released, the high-pressure foam can produce a higher fracturing force than the initial foam pressure, but the fracturing force increases and then decreases with the increase of the air volume fraction of foam. The high-pressure foam fracturing goes through four stages of crack initiation, crack expansion, crack separation and end of cracking. The rock-breaking weight increases and then decreases with the increase of air volume fraction. When the air volume fraction is 60%, the rock-breaking form is blasting crater, which is mainly caused by the tensile stress generated by the compressive stress waves reflected on the rock upper surface. When the air volume fraction is 70%~90%, the rock-breaking form is stripped large stones, which is mainly caused by the effects of the stress concentration at the bottom of boreholes.
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Keywords:
- high-pressure foam /
- rock fracturing /
- crack propagation /
- fracturing force
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图 5 高压泡沫涨裂力测试装置
Figure 5. Testing devices for rock-fracturing force by high-pressure foam
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图 6 不同泡沫初始压力时孔内涨裂力变化规律
Figure 6. Fracturing forces under different initial foam forces
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图 8 不同泡沫初始压力时的涨裂力最大值及增长率
Figure 8. Maximum values and increase rates of foam-fracturing force with different initial foam forces
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图 9 不同空气体积分数时泡沫涨裂力最大值
Figure 9. Maximum values and increase rates of foam-fracturing force with different air volume fractions
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图 10 高压泡沫涨裂破岩试验系统
Figure 10. Experimental system for rock fracturing by high-pressure foam
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图 12 岩石破碎形式为涨裂坑时涨裂过程
Figure 12. Fracturing process under rock-breaking form of blasting crater
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图 14 泡沫不同释放形式时岩石涨裂效果
Figure 14. Rock-fracturing results with different foam release forms
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图 15 破碎形式为分离大块岩石时涨裂过程
Figure 15. Fracturing process under rock-breaking form of stripped large stones
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图 16 不同泡沫空气体积分数时的岩石涨裂效果
Figure 16. Rock-breaking results under different air volume fractions
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图 17 空气体积分数60%时岩石涨裂效果三维扫描图
Figure 17. Rock-breaking results by 3D scanning under air volume fraction of 60%
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图 18 泡沫空气体积分数60%时破碎特征
Figure 18. Characteristics of flake rock distribution under air volume fraction of 60%
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图 19 岩石破碎重量与泡沫空气体积分数关系
Figure 19. Rock-breaking weights under different air volume fractions
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图 20 空气体积分数90%岩石涨裂效果三维扫描图
Figure 20. Rock-breaking results by 3D scanning under air volume fraction of 90%
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图 21 岩石破坏模式为大块岩石分离时的裂纹扩展机理
Figure 21. Mechanism of crack propagation under rock-breaking form of stripped large stones
表 1 试验岩样物理力学参数
Table 1 Physical and mechanical parameters of artificial rocks
密度/
(kg·m-3)弹性模量/
GPaUCS/
MPaBTS/
MPa泊松比 黏聚力/
MPa内摩擦角/
(°)断裂韧度/
(N·mm3/2)2030 3.9 14.2 1.3 0.23 2.7 35.6 16.7 
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