Integrated research and application of construction and safe operation of long-distance water transfer projects
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摘要: 基于国家跨流域调水工程建设重大需求和相关学科国内外最新研究发展，以滇中引水、引汉济渭、新疆大埋深隧洞等典型调水工程为依托，针对“大埋深隧洞开挖围岩响应模式与灾变机制”、“大埋深隧洞围岩–支护体系协同承载机理与全寿命设计理论”、“地震等自然灾害下输水建筑物的响应特征及灾变模式”等重大科学问题，以及“大埋深隧洞灾害预测预报与防治成套技术”、“隧洞穿越活断层抗断技术”、“大跨度高架渡槽抗震技术”、“闸泵阀关键设备研发及智能控制技术”、“调水工程全寿命周期安全监控与调控技术”等关键技术，开展了包括“大埋深隧洞岩体工程特性测试技术与综合评价方法”在内的10个方面的研究。提出了千米级深埋隧洞的地球物理探测及岩体特性测试技术与围岩特性评价方法，形成了隧洞高压突涌水预测与防治成套技术，开发了15 MPa超高压灌浆技术装备，提出了隧洞穿越错动量达0.5 m活断层抗断结构，研发了Ⅷ度强震区大型高架渡槽的抗震技术，并研制完成了220 m扬程40 MW级泵组、DN2000智能流量调节阀安全控制成套技术，形成了长距离调水工程建设及安全运行成套技术装备。项目相关研究成果已在依托工程中示范应用，为工程建设运行提供了坚实的技术支撑，同时有助于推动长距离调水及相关工程领域的技术进步，保障中国水资源宏观调控战略的有效实施，具有显著的社会、经济和生态效益。Abstract: According to the major needs of the national inter-basin water transfer projects in China and the worldwide research situations of related disciplines, the research program focuses on the integrated research and application of construction and safe operation of long-distance water transfer projects. Based on the typical water transfer projects such as the water diversion project in central Yunnan, the water diversion project from Hanjiang River to Weihe River and the tunnel project with large buried depth in Xinjiang. The researches on ten aspects including "Testing technology and comprehensive evaluation method for rock mass characteristics of tunnels with large buried depth" are conducted, aiming at the significant scientific issues such as "response mode and disaster mechanism of excavation of surrounding rock of large buried tunnels", "coordinated bearing mechanism and life-cycle design theory of surrounding rock-support system of large buried tunnels" and "response characteristics and disaster mode of water conveyance buildings under natural disasters such as earthquakes", and the following key technologies: "complete set of disaster prediction and prevention technology of large buried tunnels", "fracture resistance technology of tunnel lining crossing active faults", "seismic mitigation technology of long-span high-rise aqueduct", "development and intelligent control technology of key equipments of gates, pumps and valves", and "life cycle safety monitoring and regulation technology of water transfer projects". The geophysical detection, the testing technology of rock mass characteristic and the evaluation method for characteristics of surrounding rock of deep buried tunnels are put forward. A complete set of technology for the prediction and prevention of high-pressure water inrush in tunnels is formed. A 15 MPa ultra-high pressure grouting technical equipment is developed. The anti-fracture structure of the tunnel crossing an active fault with a displacement of 0.5 m is put forward. A large-scale high-pressure grouting structure in the Ⅷ-degree strong earthquake area is developed. The seismic mitigation technology of aqueduct and the complete set of safety control technology of 220 m-lift and 40 MW-grade-power pump unit and DN2000 intelligent flow-control valve are developed and completed. The relevant research results are applied in some projects, and
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图 1 千米级欠稳定地层绳索取芯钻杆地应力测试技术示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of in-situ stress testing technology of rope cored drill pipe in kilometer-class unstable formation
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图 2 新型深孔岩体水文地质参数原位测试设备
Figure 2. New in-situ testing equipments for hydrogeological parameters of deep-hole rock mass
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图 4 基于深钻孔数字钻进技术的岩体质量探测
Figure 4. Quality detection of rock mass based on deep-borehole digital drilling technology
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图 5 利用深钻孔数字钻进技术在引松工程现场测试
Figure 5. Application of deep-borehole digital drilling technology in field tests
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图 6 典型软岩大变形地层条件
Figure 6. Formation conditions of typical soft rock with large deformation
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图 7 大埋深隧洞不良地质超前定量探测方法
Figure 7. Advance quantitative detection method for unfavorable geology in large buried tunnel
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图 10 防高压水钻孔孔口封闭装置
Figure 10. Sealing devices for anti-high-pressure water drilling hole orifice
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图 11 15 MPa超高压灌浆泵结构图
Figure 11. Structural drawing of 15 MPa ultra-high pressure grouting pump
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图 12 高压单孔劈裂循环注浆工艺
Figure 12. High-pressure single-hole splitting circulation grouting technology
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图 14 三维离散-连续耦合的跨断层隧洞错动破坏数值仿真方法
Figure 14. Three-dimensional discrete continuous coupling numerical simulation method for staggered failure of tunnel crossing faults
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图 15 隧洞错断模型试验与断裂带位移分布PIV监测
Figure 15. Model tests on tunnel faults and PIV monitoring of displacement distribution in fault zone
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图 17 汇水层对外水压力分布的影响
Figure 17. Influence of catchment layer on distribution of external water pressure of lining structure
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图 20 可靠度指标和失效概率随时间变化规律
Figure 20. Variation law of reliability index and failure probability with time
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图 21 基于系统动力学的堤防工程风险反馈模型
Figure 21. Risk feedback model for embankment engineering based on system dynamics
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图 22 长距离复杂调水工程安全实时监测及预警智慧管理平台系统总体架构
Figure 22. Overall architecture of safety real-time monitoring and early warning intelligent management platform system for long-distance complex water transfer project
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图 23 多风险耦合作用下的施工分层仿真模型
Figure 23. Layered simulation model for construction under multi-risk coupling
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图 25 隧洞施工进度信息集成与分析功能示意图
Figure 25. Schematic diagram of tunnel construction progress information integration and analysis function
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图 26 渡槽模型振动台流固相互作用动力试验
Figure 26. Dynamic tests on fluid-solid interaction on shaking table of aqueduct model
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图 27 渡槽结构的非线性地震响应计算结果
Figure 27. Calculation results of nonlinear seismic response of aqueduct structure
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图 28 墩槽塑性铰力学性能试验
Figure 28. Tests on mechanical properties of plastic hinge of pier slot
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图 29 斜面导向式减隔震自复位支座
Figure 29. Self-resetting support of inclined plane-guided vibration reduction and isolation
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图 35 DN2000流量调节阀三维模型图
Figure 35. Three-dimensional model for DN2000 flow regulating valve
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图 36 水泵机组数据采集与状态监测
Figure 36. Data acquisition and condition monitoring of water pump unit
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图 38 蓄量动态控制的执行和实现流程
Figure 38. Implementation and realization process of storage dynamic control
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图 40 事故应急调度、水锤模拟及防护交互界面
Figure 40. Interactive interface of emergency dispatching of accident, simulation and protection of water hammer
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图 41 滇中引水工程应用现场
Figure 41. Application site of water diversion project in central area of Yunnan
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图 43 香炉山隧洞TBM过芹菜塘断裂带纵剖面塑性区及位移场
Figure 43. Plastic zones and displacement fields of longitudinal section of Xianglushan tunnel TBM through Qincaitang fault zone
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图 44 蠕滑活动断层滑动方式判定标准
Figure 44. Criteria for determining slip mode of creep active fault
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图 45 香炉山隧洞活动断层高频大地电磁剖面
Figure 45. High-frequency magnetotelluric profile of active fault in Xianglushan tunnel
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图 47 积福村渡槽三维有限元模型
Figure 47. Three-dimensional finite element model for Jifu village aqueduct
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图 50 第二掘进段仿真工期分布和完工概率曲线图
Figure 50. Distribution of simulated duration and curves of completion probability of second tunneling section
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图 54 岩体–混凝土接触面循环剪切仪
Figure 54. Rock-mass concrete contact surface cyclic shear apparatus
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图 55 HW150型钢拱架+缓释消能层复合支护结构
Figure 55. Composite support structure of HW150 steel arch + slow release energy dissipation layer
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图 56 快速封堵前后的掌子面围岩出水情况
Figure 56. Water outflow of surrounding rock of tunnel face before and after rapid plugging
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图 57 T9+199激发极化探测与开挖揭露情况
Figure 57. Polarization detection and excavation exposure at the mileage of T9+199
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图 58 T9+199地震波超前探测与开挖揭露情况
Figure 58. Seismic wave detection and excavation exposure at the mileage of T9+199
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图 59 牛栏江—滇池补水智慧管理系统构架
Figure 59. Framework of Niulanjiang-Dianchi water replenishment intelligent management system
表 1 课题设置
Table 1 Setting of tasks
序号 课题名称 承担单位 负责人 1 大埋深隧洞岩体工程特性测试技术与综合评价方法 水利部水利水电规划设计总院 王志强 2 大埋深隧洞围岩大变形及岩爆预测与防控技术 长江水利委员会长江科学院 丁秀丽 3 隧洞穿越活断层围岩–衬砌灾变机制与抗断技术 中国长江三峡集团公司 吴海斌 4 大埋深隧洞围岩–支护体系协同承载机理与全寿命设计理论及方法 长江勘测规划设计研究有限责任公司 杨启贵 5 高压水害等不良地质条件下深埋长隧洞施工灾害处治和成套技术研究 水利部水利水电规划设计总院 刘志明 6 大埋深长距离隧洞建设智能仿真与建设信息集成技术 天津大学 王晓玲 7 高烈度区高架大型输水渡槽抗震及减隔震关键技术研究 中国水利水电科学研究院 王海波 8 长距离调水工程闸泵阀系统关键设备与安全运行集成研究及应用 中国水利水电科学研究院 殷峻暹 9 长距离复杂调水工程长效安全运行保障技术与示范 南京水利科学研究院 何勇军 10 长距离输水渠隧系统水力特性及安全高效调控关键技术研究 长江勘测规划设计研究有限责任公司 黄会勇 
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表 2 不同地层条件的大变形发生机制
Table 2 Mechanism of large deformation under different foundation conditions
赋存环境条件 地层条件 大变形发生机制 高地应力及由此引发的强烈卸荷 物性软岩 软岩强度低，在高地应力作用下发生持续塑性变形 薄层状岩体 高应力卸荷扰动使与主应力矢量小角度相交的层面张开、层间岩体弯折破裂 地层富水，或开挖卸荷引发地下水向临空面汇集，或施工用水排泄不及时渗入围岩 薄层状
岩体层间充填物与地下水作用导致岩体强度持续降低，诱发局部显著变形并垮塌 遇水软化岩石 岩石遇水软化导致强度降低，使得软化部位显著变形 蚀变岩 蚀变岩强度低，使得蚀变部位显著变形 遇水膨胀岩石 含亲水性矿物岩石遇水后体积膨胀，导致显著变形 弱胶结/无胶结
岩体胶结性能差，开挖扰动诱发地层松动，粉细砂遇水显著劣化加剧变形 断层破碎带 岩体完整性差，开挖卸荷进一步使围岩碎裂化，导致围岩显著变形坍塌
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