摘要:
中国是世界文明古国,其古代建筑独具特色,创造了一系列地基基础的先进技术,取得了辉煌的成就。原始社会人们就懂得夯实土层可以增加土的承载力,能够提高建筑物的稳定性,发明了夯土地基,而后又创造了强度更高,耐水防潮性能优越的灰土地基、砖渣地基。古人非常重视地质因素对夯土地基的影响,战国时期发明了“相土”、“验土”等科学方法。中国古代桩基技术有着悠久的历史和高超的水平,原始社会时期就有木桩基础。夏代采用了“柱础”,增强立柱的稳定性,并减轻土中的水分对木柱根部的侵蚀。商代出现了在柱与础之间加放铜质垫片的构造做法,有效避免了木柱埋地而腐朽。宋代创造性地应用了“筏形地基”技术。别具特色的中国古代建筑台基除承托荷重外,还具有避水防潮、调适比例、标志等级等特殊的功效。中国古代砖塔等高层建筑基础技术也成就非凡。
关键词:
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中国古代建筑
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地基
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基础
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台基
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技术成就
Abstract:
China is an ancient country in the world, and its architecture is unique. It has created a series of advanced technologies of foundation and gotten brilliant achievement. The primitive people have learned to ramming the soil layer to increase the soil bearing capacity and improve the stability of the buildings. So they invented the rammed-earth foundation, and then created dust foundation and slag brick foundation. The ancients attached great importance to geological factors on the impact of foundations; they invented “watch earth”, “soil test” and other scientific methods during the Warring States period. Chinese pile technology has a long history and superb level. The people of the Xia Dynasty adopted the “column base” to enhance the stability of the column and reduce the erosion of moisture in the root of the poles. The people of the Shang Dynasty put the copper gasket between the columns to avoid the decay of wood effectively. And the people of the Song Dynasty made use of the “raft foundation” technology creatively. Chinese ancient architecture platform supports the weight of the buildings and creates the effects of water protection, proportion of signs adjustment. The ancient Chinese pagoda-based technology is an extraordinary achievement.
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